Bark tannins: Extraction methods, characterization, and reactivity
Résumé
Tannins are compounds that occur naturally in a wide range of plants. They play an essential role in regulating plant growth and protecting plants from predators. Tannins are classified into two types: hydrolyzable and condensed. Among the many methods used to extract tannin are solvent extraction, solid-liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, depending on the target application. Supercritical fluid extraction is widely considered superior because it preserves tannin integrity while minimizing solvent use, but the steep operational costs and sophisticated equipment requirements constitute limitations. Tannins have extensive industrial uses, including leather tanning and the production of pharmaceuticals, processed food, adhesives, wine, biomaterials, and biobased polymers. Recently, tannins have gained attention as bioactive agents, with potential applications for advanced technologies such as 3D printing, biomedical devices, and therapeutic interventions for various diseases. This paper provides a detailed description of tannin extraction methods, with a focus on efficiency factors such as temperature, solvent selection, and plant material preparation. Extracted tannins are characterized based on their chemical properties, which are determinant for assessing the application potential in diverse fields. The sustainability and environmental benefits of tannins position them as valuable compounds for use in innovative industrial and environmental solutions.
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